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On April 30, 1803, representatives of the United States and Napoleonic France conclude negotiations for the Louisiana Purchase, a massive land sale that doubles the size of the young American republic.
Social and Cultural Effects of the Depression. Sports provided a distraction from the Depression. Also new forms of expression flourished in the culture of despair. The Great Depression brought a rapid rise in the crime rate as many unemployed workers resorted to petty theft to put food on the table.
Search-and-destroy missions in Vietnam were largely unsuccessful. This is because new and larger reinforcements of Viet-Kongs moved in as soon as American forces departed. As such, these missions did not stem the flow of refugees.
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‘The enthusiasm is indescribable, when the next drawing appears; it is veritable madness. You have to make your way through the crowd with your fists’.
James Gillray, painted by Charles Turner.
A powerful asset
Caricatures, once a social curiosity, had become powerful political tools. Some of the raunchier London images of French royalty played a major role in the downfall of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. Pitt’s Tory government was also acutely aware of the power of satire, and secretly put Gillray on the payroll from 1797.
One of the primary victims of Gillray’s etching knife was Napoleon, who was in no doubt about the potential potency of vindictive cartoons. On exile in Elba, he admitted Gillray’s caricatures were more damaging than a dozen generals.
‘Napoleon Crossing the Alps’, painted by Jacques-Louis David in 1805.
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