Answer:
Unlike the Greeks and Romans, the ancient Hebrews were not known for being scientists or philosophers or conquerors. It was their religion, Judaism, that proved to be of crucial importance in world history, both for its own sake and for being the religious root of Christianity and Islam.
Spain and France were also among the strongest in Europe, with Portugal being a player early on because of their sea worthiness and exploration. I can’t recall of Portugal’s decline had already started by the beginning of the 17th Century, but it was getting close.
Foreign Invasion. A series of foreign invasions affected Mughal Empire very badly. Attacks by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, which were themselves the consequences of the weakness of the Empire, drained the Empire of its wealth, ruined its trade and industry in the North, and almost destroyed its military power.
Pope Urban II
Jerusalem
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Congress would not ratify the salt ll treaty because Russian combat troops were found in Cuba and the Soviet union invaded Afghanistan