A typical memory aid that helps in remembering the order in which sound travels from the peripheral to the central components of the auditory pathway would be E.C.O.L.I.M.A.
Sound (high or low-frequency sounds) at first gets to the hair cells of the Ear receptors (E) in Cochlea and cranial nerve number 8 (CN VII), then it gets to the Cochlear nuclei (C) which are cells dedicated to these high or low-frequency sounds.
At the Superior Olivary nucleus (O) sound is localized before it gets to the midbrain - Lateral lemniscus (L) and Inferior colliculus (I). The inferior colliculus receives auditory nerve fibers from ipsilateral superior olivary nuclei through the lateral lemniscus.
Sounds then get to the thalamus at the Medial geniculate body (M) which receives nerve fibers from the inferior colliculus; eventually sounds then get to the auditory cortex.
In summary, ECOLIMA is an easily understandable mnemonic device to help remember how sound waves move from the external ears to the auditory nerves and cortex.
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Answer:
Correct answer is c. It is the final electron acceptor in the aerobic respiration.
Explanation:
Oxygen is a substrate of the aerobic respiration, but it is not the only one. Glucose is also a substrate.
Oxygen is used in the cells to be the final electron acceptor, this means that receives the electrons from NADH and FADH2. That is why, when there is no oxygen available for aerobic respiration, the NADH and FADH2 cannot be oxidized and therefore remain in their reduced form. As a consequence, they cannot be re-utilized during different cellular processes that are NAD+ and FAD dependant, such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and cellular respiration. This means that the ATP synthesis stops.
Oxygen itself does not transport any electrones, this are transported by the cytochrome complex in the mitochondrial membrane. But oxygen is key in receiving those electrones, therefore a very important piece of the electron transport across the mitochondria.
