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Hatshy [7]
3 years ago
12

What holds cellulose molecules together in bundles large enough to form fibers?

Biology
1 answer:
nevsk [136]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

The correct answer is hydrogen bonds.

Explanation:

Cellulose refers to the main component present in the cell walls of plants, which assists the plants to stay strong and stiff. Humans do not possess the tendency to digest cellulose, however, it is essential in the diet as a source of fiber. Cellulose refers to a molecule that comprises hundreds and thousands of hydrogen, carbon, and atoms of oxygen.  

It is an example of a natural polymer and is a long and repeating chain of a similar molecule combined together. The molecules of cellulose are held together in the form of bundles that are big enough to produce fibers. The fibers of cellulose produce long and parallel strands, which are linked together with the help of hydrogen bonds. The connected cellulose fibers are robust and offer structural support to the cell.  

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Explain the interaction that occurs between a t-helper lymphocyte and a b cell when the b cell is being induced to produce peanu
Paraphin [41]

Answer:

           According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.  


Entry of peanut allergen into body

When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.  

Allergic response

There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.  


Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)

Step 1.  

           When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.  

Step 2

             HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.

Step 3

            Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.  

Step 4

             B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.  


7 0
3 years ago
What was the Laurentia and what was it composed of? What happened to it?
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