Answer:
B. The zero based budget requires managers to re-justify every planned expenditure every year.
Explanation:
A zero based budget is one that does not take into account historical data when it is considering the present year budget. Each departmental requirement is re-evaluated and a new amount is assigned as budget for the year.
However conventional budgets carryover the previous year's expenses as a base data point. This results in similar budgeting across years.
So the main difference between the two is that zero based budget requires managers to re-justify every planned expenditure every year.
Answer:
a) Pre-tax cost of debt is 8.45%
b) After tax cost of debt is 5.07%
Explanation:
a) Given:
Debt issue outstanding = $15.5 million
Semi-annual coupon rate = 0.063 / 2 = 0.0315
Assumed par value (FV) = $1,000
Coupon payment (pmt) = 0.0315 × 1000 = $31.5
Current bond price (PV) = 92% of $1,000 = $920
Time period (nper) = 5 × 2 = 10 periods
Calculate semi-annual rate using spreadsheet function =Rate(nper,pmt,PV,FV)
Semi-annual rate = 4.14%
Pmt and FV are negative as they are cash outflows.
YTM = 4.14 × 2 = 8.28%
Effective annual rate = 
= 
= 0.0845 or 8.45%
b) Tax rate is 40%
After tax cost of debt = Pre tax cost of debt × (1 - 0.4)
= 0.0845 × 0.6
= 0.0507 or 5.07%
Answer: Full range leadership
Explanation:
The full range leadership model, or FRLM for short, is a theory that suggests that general leadership focuses on leaders' behaviour towards certain work situations. This model focuses on three types of styles in particular. And these are explained below.
Transformational leadership: These leaders develop and motivate their followers to achieve various success levels. This is a more long term approach. This can usually improve employee self confidence, satisfaction and increase employee commitment.
Transactional leadership: These leaders use social exchanges to lead. This refers more to transactions between leaders and followers. This style of leadership uses rewards and punishments to motivate employees to achieve their tasks successfully.
Laissez - Faire: This type of leadership translates to "let them do (what they want)", and is also known as hands - off leadership. This style is basically the absence of leadership. Employees are left to make decisions on their own and there are no fixed rules.
Answer:infection because the spleen removes bacteria from the blood.
Explanation: The spleen is an organ that is present in all vertebrates, it functions like the lymph as it helps to cleanse the blood and balance the flow of blood in the body,the spleen is soft and purple in colour it has two tissues which includes
(1) The red pulp tissue which a ta to filter the blood and remove old or damaged red blood cells.
(2) The white pulp tissue consists of immune cells (T cells and B cells) which ensures that the immune system fight infection.
THE SPLEEN ALSO REMOVES BACTERIA AND IMPROVES THE IMMUNITY OF THE BODY.