Because of the discovery of gold in San Francisco in 1848, many people began moving west to search for wealth and fame. The United States was discovering many things underground...gold, silver, and oil. These were some of the natural resources the United States had at the end of the 1800s.
The character described is Grendal
Article III of the Constitution. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and establish.