Central idea is also known as main idea. Definition: The central idea (main idea) in a piece of writing is the point that the author wants you to remember most. Some writers may state the main idea, but it is often implied, which means the reader has to make inferences (what the text says + what I know) about it.
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There are many themes in the novel Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and certainly the most important of them is the concept of sin and how it should be treated. As you already know, the heroine of this novel is Hester Prynne, who cheated on her husband and was thus condemned by the whole society, which didn't want to forgive her. Another theme is love, primarily between Hester and the priest, but also between Hester and her child. The position of women in society is another theme.
