One of the main qualities for Greeks was justice, but then
again this had a much wider meaning than it does in English. It meant also
treating people justly and justifiably. In Greco-Roman law the defendant had
the right to guard himself, although deprived of money he was left defending
himself. The Greek city states could be oligarchies or a division of the army,
or a restricted democracy. Rome started as a kingdom and then turn into a
republic – in the first place, aristocratic only but then merchants got voted,
and after much widespread anxiety the people were embodied by the Tribune. Furthermore,
any Roman citizen could vote, a major concern at that period.
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To change the historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700; beginning with Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), who asserted a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, it ended with Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe.