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3 years ago

Why are air spaces located near the lower surface of the leaf?

1 answer:

6 0

The air spaces occur in Spongy mesophyll tissue.There are large spaces in a leaf because it is for storing water and carbon dioxide which will be used for photosynthesis. The large air spaces are usually found in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. The arrangement of this spongy mesophyll facilitates the movement of gases through the mesophyll. Directly beneath each stomate at the leaf surface there is usually a small air space, called a stomatal chamber, where no mesophyll cells are present. This also aids in gas exchange.

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The diagram below illustrates the movement of glucose across a cell membrane. Which two processes are most directly represented

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3 years ago

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtle's stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet.

bearhunter [10]

Answer:

These structures that protect the sponges from most predators, but not turtles, are spicules.

Explanation:

Sponges skeleton is composed of calcium carbonate and siliceous micro-structures called spicules. Their morphology is so varied that it is used in taxonomy for identification and classification.

There are different kinds of spicules:

- Monoaxonic spicule: needle-shaped, straights or curves

- Tetraxonic spicules: they have four prolongations

- Triaxonic or Hexaxonic spicules

- Poliaxonic spicules

Two terms can be applied to any of these spicules kinds:

- Megaspicules: They are elongated and compose the main architecture of the sponge skeleton

- Microspicules: Variable in shape and size, with ancillary functions

Sponges have few predators thank to the spicule structures and their high toxicity. Many of them are capable of perforating soft tissues and producing urticant substances.

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3 years ago

Neurotransmitters transmit ____________ between ____________ , from neurons to glands, from neurons to organs, and from neurons

astraxan [27]

Answer:

1. Nerve impulse

2. Neurons

Explanation:

Neurotransmitters are compounds with low molecular weight. They are secreted by axon terminals of the neurons. The released neurotransmitters then bind to the receptors located on next neuron or on the surface of muscle cell.

The function of neurotransmitters is to carry the nerve impulse from presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron or from neurons to the effector organs such as muscles and glands.

For example, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft to transmit the nerve impulse between neurons.

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3 years ago