Answer:
Antibiotic resistance can evolved in bacterial population in the following ways:
Explanation:
- In response to constant exposure to antibiotics some members of a bacterial population develop some beneficial mutations in some essential genes that gives them survival advantage in terms of food and space over the sensitive bacterial strains and hence they are capable of out-competing the sensitive bacteria.
- This happens due to the process of Natural Selection.
- These genes are called antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria usually carry them on plasmids in form of cassettes where genes resistant to multiple drugs are incorporated. These plasmids are called the MDR or Multi-Drug Resistance Plasmids.
- These resistant plasmids can be easily transferred among bacterial populations by conjugation, transformation or transduction or direct plasmid transfer.
- The resistant genes encode for proteins that render the drug ineffective by promoting their efflux from the cells, preventing their entry into the cell, chemically modifying them such that they become non-functional or altering the target site of the drug.
Answer:
floor rocks were also symmetrical on both sides of the ridge, with the youngest rocks near the center and the oldest rocks farther away. This suggests that new rocks form at the center of ridges and then move away in the opposite directions.
Explanation:
Answer:
An enzyme can be described as a biological molecule which catalyzes a reaction. Each organism works best at an optimum temperature and pH.
If the pH is too high or too low than the optimum pH, then the enzyme such as enolase will become denatured and it will not be able to catalyze the reaction.
A change in pH causes the enzyme the shape of an enzyme to get changed or it changes the specific charge properties of the substrate of that enzyme. As a result, the substrate is no longer able to fit into the active site of the enzyme. Hence, the enzyme is not able to catalyze the reaction.
The sunlight is not made by the plant or used by the plant. It is needed so it could get photosynthesis working and is not a part of the materials needed.