something that causes an organism to decay. It could have been eaten, or an air pocket formed as it was fossilizing or basically anything that obstructs the formation of a fossil.... you have to figure the rest out; )
They must occur in the DNA, which is in each cells nucleus. More specifically the nucleolus of the cell. A mutation occurs in an allele, where a base triplet (or a codon) gets transcribed incorrectly.
The best way to determine this would be to determine the percentage of offspring that survived. So for example, if 900 offspring survived out of 1000 seeds, which is a 90% chance, then this can be considered successful or non successful in comparison to other trials.<span />
The answer to complete this sentence would be ''herniated disk''.