Every gerund/participle ends in -ing, so you can know for sure that the answer is one of these two. Since here <em>turning </em>is used with an adverbial function (that is, it is basically an adverb - it tells us WHEN Kate bumped into David), the correct answer is B) participial.
Answer: People could easily get information at any time.
Explanation:
If your asking the definition, defective means:
<em>Nonfunctioning; malfunctional; not working; </em>
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Example(s) of defective:
<em>"The phone came </em><u><em>defective</em></u><em> because it wouldn't turn on."</em>
<em>"My RC car came from the factory </em><u><em>defective</em></u><em>, as it won't drive."</em>
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➣➣➣ I hope this assisted you in some way :) ➣➣➣
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<em>*This is not sourced from any website, book, or definitions, simply myself.*</em>
I think it's The writer's beliefs
Using pairs of opposites, such as Helena and Hermia, it is called doubling.