Answer:
Check the explanation
Explanation:
• We are taking a look at the class B network beginning with 172.0.0.0.0,while Converting this value to binary as:10101100.00010100.00000000.00000000. 32 bits in total, out of this the First 16 bits that are used as network ID and the subsequent 16 bits are used as HostID.Out of the 16 bits that are sued for Network ID the 2 bits namely Bits fifteen and sixteen (15 and 16) have been set and can't be changed and hence only 14 bits are used as network ID.
• Now so that we can divide this network into 50 subnets for class B network we will have to borrow a bit as shown below:
• 10101100.00010100.00000000.00000000=172.0.0.0.0,Adding 1 bit by borrowing from host portion and adding it to network ID will give it 10101100.00010100.00000000.00000000(0 shown in bold) or10101100.00010100.10000000.00000000 (1 shown in bold) will give us 2 unique subnets.i.e changing 1 bit will give us 2 power 1=2 subnets,thus changing 2 bits will give us 2 power 2 subnets =4 similarly changing 6 bits will give us 64 unique subnets.
• Which means and going by the above problem statement in case we need 50 subnets and we also need to change 6 bits in the Network ID to give 50 unique subnets.
• Thus the answer is 6
The correct answer is 'Form Factor'. The standardized specification of a motherboard ( including it's dimensions, supported power supply types, and layout of components) is know as the motherboard's form factor.
ICMPv6 is used by IPv6 nodes to report errors encountered in processing packets, and to perform other internet-layer functions, such as diagnostics. An Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood attack, also known as a Ping flood attack, is a common Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack in which an attacker attempts to overwhelm a targeted device with ICMP echo-requests.
Explanation:
Issues that are of concern which could be a problem include :
Denial-of-Service Attacks
- ICMPv6 can be used to cause a denial of service (DoS) in a number of ways, including simply sending excessive numbers of ICMPv6 packets to destinations in the site and sending error messages that disrupt established communications by causing sessions to be dropped.
Probing
- A major security consideration is preventing attackers from probing the site to determine the topology and identify hosts that might be vulnerable to attack. Carefully crafted but, often, malformed messages can be used to provoke ICMPv6 responses from hosts thereby informing attackers of potential targets for future attacks. However, the very large address space of IPv6 makes probing a less effective weapon as compared with IPv4 . Redirection Attacks
Redirection Attacks
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A redirection attack could be used by a malicious sender to perform man-in-the-middle attacks or divert packets either to a malicious monitor or to cause DoS by blackholing the packets. These attacks would normally have to be carried out locally on a link using the Redirect message. Administrators need to decide if the improvement in efficiency from using Redirect messages is worth the risk of malicious use. Factors to consider include the physical security of the link and the complexity of addressing on the link
Renumbering Attacks
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Spurious Renumbering messages can lead to the disruption of a site. Although Renumbering messages are required to be authenticated with IPsec, so that it is difficult to carry out such attacks in practice, they should not be allowed through a site boundary firewall. On the other hand, a site may employ multiple "layers" of firewalls.
Problems Resulting from ICMPv6 Transparency
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Because some ICMPv6 error packets need to be passed through a firewall in both directions, malicious users can potentially use these messages to communicate between inside and outside, bypassing administrative inspection.
Packet types or specific circumstances in which ICMPv6 traffic could compromise network security :
Ping sweep — A type of attack that uses ICMP echo request messages to enumerate live hosts on a network.
Ping flood — Utilized to launch a denial of service attack (DoS), where the attacker sends ICMP requests in a rapid succession without waiting for the targeted system to respond.
ICMP tunneling — A method used to establish a covert communication channel between remote systems, most times between a client and a proxy. All communications are sent via ICMP requests and replies
Forged ICMP redirects — The attacker would send a ICMP redirect message, which informs a host of a direct path to a destination, to the victim that contains the IP addresses of the attacker’s system. This allows an attacker to compromise network traffic via a man-in-the-middle attack or cause a DoS.
You could Factory Reset a computer or you could smash it with a hammer
