Answer:
D) the self-serving bias.
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it seems that his example illustrates a self-serving bias. This term refers to an individuals characteristic of attributing positive events to themselves but at the same time placing negative events as caused by external factors. Which is what Ainslie is doing by blaming other factors when she did bad on her test but when she got an A- she attributed that to her own talent.
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Answer: Consensus model
Explanation: A consensus model based on the notion that there is a general agreement about what behaviors are harmful to the majority of the public and that these behaviors are deemed criminal. Consensus model believes the idea of a social contract, originated from the work of John Locke and is based on the view that everyone in the criminal justice system works in unison to achieve justice. Consensus model recognizes that criminal law then serves a social control function designed to protect the people and maximize peace.