Non-violent civil disobedience
Byzantines did play a role in the first crusade as they allowed the crusaders to pass through their territory, but provided no support.
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first in a line of crusades, or religious warfare, that the Latin Church of the Middle Ages started, encouraged, and occasionally oversaw. The Holy Land's liberation from Islamic dominion was the goal. Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims for hundreds of years, but by the 11th century, the Seljuk invasion of the area threatened the Byzantine Empire as well as the local Christian communities and Western pilgrimages. The Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military assistance from the Council of Piacenza in 1095 so that his kingdom might fight the Seljuk-led Turks. This was the first crusade initiative.
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Answer: I think it is D
Explanation: It says, "In the Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Court had ruled that African Americans were not citizens"
