Question

Federal sentences issued for crack cocaine offenses are three to six times longer than those for offenses involving equal amounts of powder cocaine. approximately 85 percent of defendants convicted of crack offenses in federal court are black, whereas 78 percent of defendants in powder cocaine cases are white; thus, the severe sentences are imposed "primarily upon black offenders". this is an example of

Answer 1

This is an example of institutionalized racism. This is because the discrimination on the basis of race is inherent in the system, which in this case is the criminal justice system or institution. Consequently, the blacks are affected disproportionately through higher sentences as compared to whites