1. The selling of indulgences (claimed to be tickets straight to heaven if you gave money)
2. Greed (heavy taxation, took money that was used for luxuries rather than charity)
3. Abuse of power (lack of separation of church and state)
Personally, I see it as a mixture of both a and b but my first instinct was to go with b.
Yes it is true that values are beliefs or philosophies that individuals consider to be personally important. The correct option among the two options that are given in the question is the first option. Every individual around the globe has their own set of beliefs and moral values. They lead their life based on these values.
