Answer:
opposing the collectivization of land
Explanation:
The Kulaks were the peasants that were the most prosperous, that new and put in a lot of effort to develop their land, gain more land, and become wealthier because of it. The Soviets though didn't fancied this, as their policy was that everyone should have the same amount of land, and that collectivization should be done to the land. The Kulaks of course opposed this, as they worked very hard to develop and buy their land and cattle, and now they had to give it up tot he others that were less capable than them just because Stalin ordered so. Stalin was not a man that liked to be opposed, so in order to perform the collectivization without any problem, he ordered the deportation and elimination of the Kulaks. The end result was millions of people ending up dead, which were also the most capable people in the rural areas, and that made a big long-term damage to the agriculture and economy of the Soviet Union.
In World History, a declaration of independence does exactly that: declare a country's independence from a mother country. For example, the United States declared independence from England, and Comoros declared independence from France.
To answer your first question, early Muslim women were treated with respect and had the same amount of rights as men. for example, they could own property, gain an education etc. for example, Khadijah the wife of Prophet Muhammad was a very successful businesswomen in trade.
second question: as Islam spread, people intertwined their culture with Islam. for example some people believe that in islam women are not allowed to pick their own husband and instead have an arranged marriage. however this is a cultural belief, common in places such as Bangladesh and Pakistan.
