Your answer would be influence.
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This excerpt is talking a lot about the difference between men and women so you can eliminate A and C. B is the most logical answer here because the author doesn't want to destroy society she wants to better it and throwing off their feminine qualities is not the right answer. So, here B is the best answer.
The verb here is "had given"; this is past perfect: it's a perfect tense, because it has a past participle with the -ed ending ("given") and it's the past perfect because the auxiliary verb is the past form of "have": had.
