Discrimination and prejudice.
The research error described above is an example of selection bias.
Selection bias takes place when, from a population of interest, a group of individuals is selected in order to construct a sample but without a proper randomization. The result is a sample which is not representative of the underlying population.
According to the example, the target population of the research comprises all students but the sample only includes boys. Hence, selection has not been random because it followed a gender criteria, and the results obtained using it cannot be applicable to the whole population because they are affected by a selection bias.
A member of the lowest-caste Hindu group or a person outside the caste system. Contact with untouchables is traditionally held to defile members of higher castes.
Answer:
The result would likely be a contraction of the economy. The GDP would probably fall or grow less.
A goverment applies contractionary fiscal policy when it reduces spending. Less government spending can reduce economic activity because spending can be a form of investment. For example, when the government spend less on building schools, roads and infraestructure, the people who build those lose their jobs, receive less income, consume less, and the economy contracts.
Contractionary monetary policy is applied by the central bank (the Federal Reserve in the United States). It would consist in reducing the amount of money available (the money supply). Less money in the economy results in higher interest rates. This creates a cycle in which banks give less loans, and investment falls. Less investment contracts the economy.
