Contemporary landscapes result from many causes, including variability in abiotic conditions, such as climate, topography, and soils; biotic interactions, such as competition, mutualism, herbivory, and predation, that can generate spatial pattern even when environmental conditions are homogenous; natural disturbances. I hope this helps :)
C. They study true movement of earthquake waves
What following ? actually the cell will gain more water by diffusion and will let more sodium chloride ions in because they will move from high concentration to low concentration
I may be wrong but maybe oil