During infection with Listeria, an intracellular bacterium, APCs will present antigen on MHC II molecules and triggers a phagocytic property by stimulating the release of macrophages.
What is the role of macrophages in Phagosomes?
Phagosome maturation was formerly regarded to be a very simple notion that described how much phagosomes had united with lysosomes.
- Unfortunately, this assumption is no longer valid because phagosomes are now known to interact with a variety of intracellular organelles during their maturation process.
- Proteins, such as the NADPH oxidase complex that creates the superoxide burst, may be seen being assembled on the phagocytic cup even before they are fully formed.
- When the phagosome closes and the maturation process begins, it becomes increasingly acidic and hydrolytically active, and it transiently fuses with the recycling endosomal system, the secretory system, including secretory lysosomes, multi-vesicular bodies such as the MHC class II (MIIC) compartment, and even the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Explanation:
guessing :
a. The oxygen atom in a water molecule has a slight negative charge.
- An aldehyde exists in chain form.
- A ring-shaped hemiacetal exists.
Hemiacetal:
- A reducing sugar is one that reduce other compound and oxidized itself. A sugar can be called as reducing sugar if it has an aldehyde group in the open chain form or hemiacetal group in ring form.
- The hemiacetal consists of a hydrogen bonded to a "R-group," an alcohol, an ether, and a carbon. When an aldehyde and an alcohol interact, the hemiacetal is created.
- The chemistry of carbohydrates revolves around the interactions between hemiacetals and hemiketals. Carbohydrates are made up of long chains of the sugar units known as monosaccharides, much like proteins are long chains of amino acids and DNA and RNA are long chains of nucleotides.
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Acid rain is man made and there is more types of acid. Normal rainwater is dissolving Carbon Dioxide as it falls through the sky. When a volcano erupts actually slightly acidic with a pH of just over 6. This is due to the rain it releases gases such as Sulphur Dioxide into the air which makes the rainwater more acidic with a pH of about 4. Air pollution caused by man also contributes <span>to the acid rain.</span>
Answer:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is an energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. When energy is needed by the cell, it is converted from storage molecules into ATP.
