Going rightwards in the diagram, starting from the top. The components are:
Polymerase
DNA helix
Single-stranded RNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Protein released from vesicle
Modified protein
Transport vesicle
Protein
Explanation:
The synthesis of protein all begins with a portion of the double-helical genetic material (DNA) called gene. This gene present in the nucleus of eukaryote must undergo transcription with the aid of an enzyme called RNA polymerase. The result of transcription is a single-stranded mRNA molecule that leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm for translation.
In the cytoplasm are organnelles that serves as sites of protein synthesis called RIBOSOME. Ribosomes are usually found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum to form the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). The mRNA is translated into a protein in the ribosome. The protein formed then undergoes modification and packaging which is a process carried out by the GOLGI APPARATUS.
After the protein modification in the golgi complex, the modified protein is then transported to their target destinations in TRANSPORT VESICLES. The modified protein is released from the transport vesicles upon arrival at their target locations.
If oxygen is present, then glucose can be broken all the way down into carbon dioxide and water. This process is called aerobic respiration because it requires air (oxygen). In the absence of oxygen, the cell uses a process called anaerobic fermentation. or simply fermentation.
The movement of the replication fork is accomplished by the enzyme helicase, which breaks hydrogen bonds between the paired bases and unwinds the double helix ahead of the advancing DNA polymerase.
