Answer:
the supreme courts decide points of law, some cases that prove this are
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws
United States v. Lopez (1995) Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a
federal crime
LOR-2: Provisions of the U.S. Constitution’s Bill of Rights are continually being interpreted to balance the power of government
and the civil liberties of individuals.
Engel v. Vitale (1962) School sponsorship of religious activities violates the establishment clause
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) Public school students have the right to wear black
armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) Bolstered the freedom of the press, establishing a “heavy presumption against
prior restraint” even in cases involving national security
Schenck v. United States (1919) Speech creating a “clear and present danger” is not protected by the First Amendment
LOR-3: Protections of the Bill of Rights have been selectively incorporated by way of the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process
clause to prevent state infringement of basic liberties.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor or indigent in a state felony case
Roe v. Wade (1973) Extended the right of privacy to a woman’s decision to have an abortion
McDonald v. Chicago (2010) The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states
PRD-1: The 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause as well as other constitutional provisions have often been used to
support the advancement of equality.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Race-based school segregation violates the equal protection clause PRD-2: The impact of
federal policies on campaigning and electoral rules continues to be contested by both sides of the political spectrum.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a
form of protected speech under the First Amendment CON-3: The republican ideal in the U.S. is manifested in the structure
and operation of the legislative branch.
Baker v. Carr (1961) Opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting and the development of the “one person,
one vote” doctrine by ruling that challenges to redistricting did not raise “political questions” that would keep federal courts
from reviewing such challenges
Shaw v. Reno (1993) Majority minority districts, created under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, may be constitutionally
challenged by voters if race is the only factor used in creating the district CON-5: The design of the judicial branch protects the
Supreme Court’s independence as a branch of government, and the emergence and use of judicial review remains a powerful
judicial practice.
Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established the principle of judicial review empowering the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the
legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution
