Federalists believed that the central government should be strong and have a lot of power. They held a loose interpretation of the Constitution, meaning they believed that, if the Constitution didn't say you couldn't do something, you could do it.
In Philosophy the existence of God is a subject debate.
During Philosophy's history many philosopher talked about that, some said that each human knows the existence o God, others are extremely against the idea of God and had provided proves about it.
The scientists believed in scientific method, proved by science. God's existence cannot be proven neither right or wrong. In that way, most of the philosopher believes in science.
B. Believed in a stronger state government
Because Thomas Carlyle who was a writer and philospher, made up the phrase that economics is "dismal science" (dismal meaning depressing) because he believed that humans are trapped in a world where population will always grow and limit natural resources and bring widespread misery.
Christopher Columbus is the answer most likely to be correct but, there is an argument for Leaf Erikson