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Answer 1

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Answer:

4. c) The cell enters $G_{1}$.

Cytokinesis is the last step in the process of cell division and it begins prior to the end of mitosis, in anaphase. Through this process, the cytoplasm of the dividing cell is split in two, and thus two identical daughter cells are obtained. These cells are diploid and thus contain a full complement of chromosomes.  

5. c) $G_{1}$ --> S --> $G_{2}$ --> mitosis --> cytokinesis.

The cell division process begins with a cell growth period known as interphase.  

During $G_{1}$, the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. All cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated. This is followed by the S phase in which the chromosomes are duplicated. This step end in $G_{2}$ during which the cell continues to increase in mass and synthesize proteins. Here, the duplicated chromosomes are also checked for errors and repaired if necessary.  

During mitosis, the chromosomes in the nucleus are divided into two new nuclei through the mitotic spindle. The cytokinesis is the last step in which the cytoplasm is divided evenly into two new daughter cells.  

6. a) DNA replication

During synthesis, the DNA contained within the chromosomes is replicated. This will result in a complete copy of the genetic material. This stage is preceded by the $G_{1}$ phase and followed by the $G_{2}$ phase. These three phases composed the cell growth period known as the interphase.

7. d) interphase

The interphase is a period in which the cell grows in mass ($G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$ phases) as well as a replication of the genetic material (S phase). This will result in a larger cell that will contain a copy of all the structures and genetic material found before the interphase.  

8. d) DNA copying: synthesis phase

$G_{1}$ is the first phase in the process known as interphase. It is characterized by a duplication off all cellular structures with the exception of DNA. The DNA is copied during the synthesis phase, which starts at the end of $G_{1}$. This DNA will be checked for errors and repaired during the $G_{2}$ phase.  

9. b) $G_{2}$:S

During prophase, the chromosomes inside the cell’s nucleus condense in tight structures. These are then arranged in a line along the equator of the cell during metaphase. The DNA contained within the nucleus is duplicated in the S phase and then are checked for errors during $G_{2}$.  

10. c) The nucleus is divided into two nuclei

The genetic material that has been duplicated during the S stage of the interphase, will need to be divided so that two identical daughter cells may result. This occurs during the stage of cell division known as mitosis. The end result will be two nuclei that will belong one to each daughter cell.  

11. b) Metaphase

Metaphase is the third of five step that compose the cellular division process known as mitosis. During this stage, the duplicated chromosomes in the S stage of interphase are arranged in a line along the equator of the cell. These in turn will be divided and thus for two new nuclei from that of the original cell.