Alliances fall into two broad categories: contractual (non-equity) and equity-based.
projects, strategic suppliers, strategic distributors, and licensing/franchising (see Chapter 6 for
definitions). These are also limited in scope and duration.
Equity-based alliances call for a higher level of commitment. Examples include strategic
investment (one partner invests in another as a strategic investor) and cross shareholding (both
partners invest in each other). A joint venture is a special case of equity-based alliance that
establishes a new legally independent entity (in other words, a new firm which is the JV) whose
equity is provided by two (or more) alliance partners.
Although JVs are often used as examples of strategic alliances,
not
all strategic alliances are JVs.
Essentially, a JV is a “corporate child” given birth by two (or more) parent firms, such as
SonyEricsson’s set up by Sony and Ericsson. A non-JV, equity-based alliance can be regarded as
two firms “getting married,” but not having “children.” The Renault-Nissan alliance is such an
example.
Networks are also a form of strategic alliance. For the purposes of this chapter, we define
strategic networks as strategic alliances formed by multiple firms to compete against other such
<span>groups and against traditional single firms</span>
In cellular respiration, the electron transport stage is when most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced. Electron transport is the third stage in cellular respiration.
<span>
Cellular respiration involves a series of complex reactions. The first phase of cellular respiration is glycolysis, which involves splitting glucose. This phase is carried out in several steps. The end result is the production of pyruvic acid. After pyruvic acid is produced, the Krebs cycle begins. The Krebs cycle, which is the second phase of cellular respiration, is sometimes referred to as the citric acid cycle. The Krebs cycle first produces citric acid, and it produces carbon dioxide as an end product. Electron transport is the last stage of aerobic respiration in cellular respiration. It results in the production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a molecule that supports a variety of life functions. It is found in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm of all cells, and helps organisms perform physiological functions. During anaerobic respiration, ATP is synthesized through glycolysis. In aerobic production, ATP is produced by mitochondria in addition to glycolysis. </span>