A holdfast is a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.
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The translocon (commonly known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes.[1] In eukaryotes the term translocon most commonly refers to the complex that transports nascent polypeptides with a targeting signal sequence into the interior (cisternal or lumenal) space of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from the cytosol. This translocation process requires the protein to cross a hydrophobic lipid bilayer. The same complex is also used to integrate nascent proteins into the membrane itself (membrane proteins). In prokaryotes, a similar protein complex transports polypeptides across the plasma membrane or integrates membrane proteins.[2] Bacterial pathogens can also assemble other translocons in their host membranes, allowing them to export virulence factors into their target cells.[3]
The prokaryotic translocon
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Explanation:
In 1914, Southern Nigeria was joined with Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the single colony of Nigeria.
Status: Protectorate of the British Empire
Currency: Pound sterling (1900–13); British W...
Capital: Lagos (administrative centre from 1906)
The modern state originated with British colonialization in the 19th century, taking its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Frederick Lugard.
