Ektara (Hindi: एकतारा, Bengali: একতারা, Nepali: एकतारे, Punjabi: ਇਕ ਤਾਰਾ, Tamil: எக்டரா; literally 'one-string', also called actara, iktar, ektar, yaktaro, gopichand, gopichant, golki Nepali: गोल्, gopijiantra, tun tuna) is a one-stringed musical instrument used in the traditional music of South Asia,[1] and used in modern-day music of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.[1] It originated in South Asia.[1]
In origin the ektara was a regular string instrument of wandering bards and minstrels from India and is plucked with one finger. The ektara is a drone lute consisting of a gourd resonator covered with skin, through which a bamboo neck is inserted. It is used in parts of India and Nepal today by Yogis and wandering holy men to accompany their singing and prayers. In Nepal, the instrument accompanies the singing of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.[2]
It has two forms. One form resembles a lute. To make that version, a bamboo stick (90cm long) is inserted through side of wooden bowl (called a "tumbo") and the top of the bowl is covered with deerskin. The instrument has a single string running from a peg at the top, down the length of the stick-neck, across a bridge on the deerhide soundboard, and is tied at the "spike" where the stick pokes through the bowl. The instrument's string is plucked with the musicians index fingernail.[3][2]
The other version uses a drum-like body, and a skin soundboard with a string attached (to bend the sound of the soundboard). Two bamboo lathes are attached to the side of the drumhead and the string goes from the soundboard to where the lathes meet. This version of the instrument may be played either by plucking the string or by tapping the drumhead. Squeezing and releasing the bamboo lathes puts pressure on the drumhead and bends the pitch up and down. This form is associated with the Bauls of West Bengal, as well as the Tharu people of Udayapur District, Nepal.
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Explanation: isaac singer
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The greatest technological development of this time was irrigation. Originally the Mesopotamia’s’ believed their sole purpose was to serve the gods and provide them with luxuries such as fine clothes and lodging. Their communities consisted of 35 politically equal cites with religious sanctuaries. All cities were known as spiritual and economic. Social hierarchies began to grow, separating the privileged, and the less privileged. The Sumerians and the Akkadians believed in a group of gods that controlled everything including their political institutions. Each major god of the Sumerian pantheon lives in a luxury temple in the part of the city that he/she created, thus bettering each cities character and relationships with its neighbors. Royal palaces also revealed the power of
the elite, being the official home of the ruler and his family. Social hierarches were very important in Sumerian city-states. Ruling groups had access to economic and political resources. The kings/ priests were at the top of the list, then bureaucrats, followed by supervisors and craft workers, and traders. Movement among classes was very rare. Mesopotamia was the first to develop a complex writing system. They were the first record keepers and readers. This gave rise to written narratives. Due to rising populations,there was a lot of competition among these societies that often led to violence. The Chinese culture took a little longer to urbanize, although they eventually got there, they had some troubles in the beginning. Their animals for instance weren’t very domesticated, and deserts made it harder to migrate
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The persecution of the Jews by Antiochus Epiphanes took place <span>in the Syrian period. </span>
