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The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.
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Ottoman (1517-1924) - Historians generally cite the beginning of the Ottoman Caliphate as 1517 CE when the Ottoman Empire took control of Cairo, Egypt. The Ottomans continued to maintain their claim as the Islamic Caliphate until 1924 when the Caliphate was abolished by Mustafa Ataturk, the first President of Turkey.
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