<span>The chicken experiment serves to explain how behavioral conditioning may be applied to any species. By identifying an appropriate reward for the subject in question, that subject may be taught any physically possible random behavior. Then, if witnessed, the behavior is able to be learned and mimicked by other members of the same or even different species.</span>
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Answer:
Choice C. Sodium bicarbonate acted as a pH buffer in Solution 2.
Explanation:
Sodium carbonate is used as pH buffering agent. Buffering agent is a type of solution which contains weak base or acid which stabilize the solution when another strong acid or base is added to the solution. If acid is added, the weak base that is present in the solution reacts with it and when base is added, weak acid reacts with it.
Answer:
Penicillin:
Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Penicillin as compared to E. coli
Novobiocin:
Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Novobiocin as compared to E. coli.
Gentamicin:
E. coli isolates showed high rates of resistance to gentamicin as compared to Staphylococcus epidermidis
Explanation:
Kirby-Bauer diffusion test:
This test is also known as disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing. This test uses antibiotic containing disks to test its inhibition against particular bacteria.
Staphylococcus epidermidis:
Gram-positive bacterium, which is part of the normal human flora and found mostly in skin flora but less commonly in mucosal flora.
E. coli
Gram-negative bacteria because its cell wall have an additional layer. During the staining process, it stains negative as compared to gram positive bacteria.
Penicillin:
This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the final step in cell wall biosynthesis, hence penicillin is most effective against gram-positive bacteria. Hence Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Penicillin as compared to E. coli
Novobiocin:
Antibiotics which inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis. Its targets are the bacterial DNA gyrase and associated enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Due to extra membrane present outside gram negative bacteria this antibiotic is less effective against E. coli. Hence Staphylococcus epidermidis is more sensitive to Novobiocin as compared to E. coli.
Gentamicin:
Gentamicin is the broad spectrum antibiotic Its mode of action involves bacterial protein synthesis inhibition by binding to 30S ribosomes. E. coli isolates showed high rates of resistance to gentamicin as compared to Staphylococcus epidermidis
Fungi are heterotrophic. They get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi, along with bacteria that are found in soil, are the primary decomposers of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems.
