Its b. Ecosystem
Population is the number of a species in an area, it has nothing to do with physical characteristics.
Abiotic is just an adjective meaning not alive
Competition is just the interactions between organisms in the struggle for food, water, space, mates, and many other things again not physical characteristics
Answer:
Option-C
Explanation:
Hamilton gave the mathematical expression for the altruistic behaviour or trait in a population which suggested that the alleles for altruistic behaviour will be favoured by the natural selection if BR-C > 0.
The mathematical expression for the altruistic trait is rb> c
where r - relatedness, b- the benefit to recipient and itself also and c-cost to an actor.
In the given question, all the cases meet the condition of Hamilton's rule except one which is the In- law bee-eaters which raise the young near to the nest as the parents who can raise the young ones are not benefited personally from the action of the young as the young one treat them as non-kin. This does not fulfill the condition of the Hamiltons rule.
Thus, Option-C is correct.
Answer:
The waves of the water washed it away.
Explanation:
Alveoli, the tiny air sacks in your lungs
1 characteristic is that a bear, lion and house cat give birth to live young but the platypus lays eggs. Hope this helped!
