The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options for this question we can answer the following.
The cause and effects of geographic change within urban areas are the following.
Causes.
Economic causes such as the location of industries, factories, corporate offices in a determined place. People are always looking for better jog opportunities.
Commercial causes. Construction of modern malls or shopping centers.
Recreation and entertainment causes. Better recreational activities, venues, cinemas, theaters-
Education. Better schools in other neighborhoods.
Social causes. Stay away from tough neighborhoods, crime, and low-class areas.
Effects.
Overcrowding places due to increasing populations.
Lack of proper housing.
Air pollution.
Water pollution. Water shortages.
Noise pollution.
Waste-disposal issues.
High consumption of energy.
Property housing and office spaces prices skyrocketing due to high demand.
Friedman and Johnson (1997) show that for a wide range of dynamic optimization problems, supermodularity is both necessary and sufficient for monotone static results. In the present context, this implies that our supermodular model requires the minimum set of assumptions to obtain monotonicity in the optimal decision variables.
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The evidence presented here needs to be supplemented with information about inter- and intrafamily income transfers. This issue was addressed in a follow-up survey, but analysis of the results is not yet complete.
