Like many others, Leonardo da Vinci was one of the undeniable world geniuses during human history and civilization. Thus, many of his inventions, due to their genius, remained accessible to a small number of people, while most of them remained unavailable and, above all, incomprehensible. Also, many of his inventions were avant-garde, something that would only be lived through for several centuries, and as such are also incomprehensible to contemporaries. His scientific and innovative approach was represented even in his works of art, which besides artistic value, have a hidden scientific, timeleless and mathematical message. He was known for encrypted writing, abbreviations, and one of these well-known techniques is writing from right to left, but as mirror-image writing. His inventions and observations have remained coded in many different codes, which are to the common reader incomprehensible, and without logic.
England concerned itself with quantity products it exported out of the country in comparison to the countries they traded with. England did not want to be left behind and be overcome by other countries especially those in Asia. They did not export much so artists and merchants started creating and inventing goods that enabled them to compete with the Asian market.
They avoided copying Asian products by imitating products form countries like France, Holland, Switzerland and Spain (which also traded with Asia) and used techniques that were proven successful methods used by these countries for a superior output.
The answer is the first one and the last one