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The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery
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Ok I help you 
what are you doing?
        
                    
             
        
        
        
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<h2>direct democracy</h2><h2>Issues and controversies</h2><h2>Discussions on direct-democratic institutions deal with several issues. The strongest normative grounds for direct democracy are the democratic principles of popular sovereignty, political equality, and all the arguments for participative democracy that support the idea that all citizens should have the right not only to elect representatives but also to vote on policy issues in referenda. Since assembly democracy cannot be an option in modern societies (outside Switzerland), direct-democratic institutions are regarded not as a full-scale alternative to representative democracy but as a supplement to or counterweight within democratic systems with major representative features. Nevertheless, the institutional difference and competition between representative and direct-democratic processes lie at the core of the controversy whether direct democracy contributes to undermining representative democracy or can offer enrichments of democracy.</h2>
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<h3>correct me if I'm wrong</h3><h3>please brainless my answer</h3>
 
        
             
        
        
        
The correct answer be the second choice from the top.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
<u>How did the Union's victory strengthen the federal government</u>? The war demonstrated that the federal government would not tolerate states acting on their own (by making the Union more powerful than the other states). A stronger central government is more effective (the Union's victory), and the federal government owned the south for years after that to help rebuild from the civil war (giving them more power over the south). It also freed millions of African-Americans.
<em>States rights were largely made irrelevant, and the federal government took on powers forbidden by the Constitution.</em>