Nick idolizes Gatsby because he admires Gatby's wealth, love for Daisy and his popularity.
"the harsh restrictions provoked anger and outrage in the public," is an independent clause. An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence and does not need any other parts.
"During the long winter" is an adverbial clause, which means it is describing how something is before the sentence. It could be more closely compared to a dependent clause because it cannot act alone in a sentence.
Q3 - Being greedy comes with a price
q4 - The fall
q5 - King Midas