Guilds performed a variety of important functions in the local economy. They established a monopoly of trade in their locality or within a particular branch of industry or commerce; they set and maintained standards for the quality of goods and the integrity of trading practices in that industry; they worked to maintain stable prices for their goods and commodities; and they sought to control town or city governments in order to further the interests of the guild members and achieve their economic objectives.
Portugal is the European Kingdom that led in European Exploration in the 15th Century in the age of discovering, exploration and mapping coasts of Africa, Canada, Asia and Africa. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the role to search for a sea route to Asia by sailing south around Africa, and during this process, Portugal accumulated wealthy knowledge on the geography and navigation of the Atlantic ocean.
In the last decade, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and "discovered" a new continent while searching or a sea route to the Indies.
In 1498, Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Africa to India.
<u>Answer:</u>
<em>The four colonies include
</em>
<em>1. Peninsulares
</em>
<em>2. Creoles
</em>
<em>3. Mestizos
</em>
<em>4. Mulattos
</em>
<em></em>
<u>Explanation:</u>
The peninsular was the highest caste in the Spanish colonial society. They were the only class of people who hold public office, and they were from the mainland of Spain. Creoles were the next level of organization, and they were those people directly descendant from Spanish blood but born in the colonies. Mulattoes and mestizos were relatively low classes, and these people were of mixed races between Spaniards and Africans or Native Americans. The Spanish viewed Africans to be the lowest class, even beneath the Native Americans.
Two of the most major outcomes resulting from the Crusades were that the King's authority increased vastly and the Europeans learned new and more things from the Muslims that they had encountered and come across. Many of the peasants and farmers left their land to go fight in the wars, and wen they died, their land was handed over to the king.
