If not killed outright, they were sent to prison to serve time. And if they were very unlucky, they'd be chosen to fight as a gladiator in the Colosseum for the rest of Rome's enjoyment.
One crazy thing he did was make it illegal for women to work, so they’d have more kids for the next war
I got this from someone else
is because these types of weapons proved to be extremely terrible and torturous in warfare, and no country wanted their citizens exposed to such weapons