The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo, designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead, the first practical self-propelled or 'locomotive' torpedo.[20] The spar torpedo that had been developed earlier by the Confederate States Navy was considered to be impracticable, as it was believed to have sunk both its intended target, and probably H. L. Hunley, the submarine that deployed it. In 1878, John Philip Holland demonstrated the Holland I prototype.
Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to the first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use. The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, 19.5-metre (64 ft) vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres (130 nmi; 150 mi), armed with a single torpedo, in 1885.
A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology. The first electrically powered boats were built by Isaac Peral y Caballero in Spain (who built Peral), Dupuy de Lôme (who built Gymnote) and Gustave Zédé (who built Sirène) in France, and James Franklin Waddington (who built Porpoise) in England.[21] Peral's design featured torpedoes and other systems that later became standard in submarines.[22][23]
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The first Spanish mission in East Texas, San Francisco de los Tejas, was begun in May 1690 as a response to the La Salle expedition the mission's founder, Father Antonio de Olivares as well as for the viceroy of New Spain, the Marquis de Valero.
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Douglass lived with the Audls for about seven years.
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On the 8th June 1042 Edward was crowned king and all through his years that led to his death on the 5th January 1066 he had made a lot of enemies, friends, promises, accusations and statements. These led to what was known as a succession crisis as other men thought they had the right to rule England as Edward had been given no son.
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