The ancient Egypt workers were paid in products, such was grain becuase gold and metal would be scarce if they were all paid with gold.
The writings of Jean Bodin provides us with an early theorisation of the idea of sovereignty even though the examples he uses are quite extensive. Essential to Bodin's notion of sovereignty is that the power the sovereign holds must be absolute and permanent. If a ruler holds absolute power for the duration of his life he can be said to be sovereign. In contrast, an elected official or some other person that holds limited powers can not be described to be sovereign. Although at times Bodin suggests that the people are sovereign, his definition of sovereignty as absolute, unlimited and enduring power points purposively towards a positive association of sovereignty and a singular monarchical, or even tyrannical, power.
Another qualification that Bodin introduces into the definition of sovereignty as absolute and perpetual is one that will become increasingly important in subsequent theorisations, culminating in the work of Carl Schmitt. For Bodin, a sovereign prince is one who is exempt from obedience to the laws of his predecessors and more importantly, those issued by himself. Sovereignty rests in being above, beyond or excepted from the law. Although it occupies a subordinate place in Bodin's theorisation, it could be said that this exception from being subject to the law is the quintessential condition of sovereignty in so far as it is understood politically.
Although for Bodin sovereignty is characterised by absolute and perpetual power he goes on to make a series of important qualifications to this concept. These come from two principle concerns. The first is real politics - Bodin seems to be aware that absolute power could licence behaviour injurious to sovereign authority. Hence for example a sovereign cannot and should not confiscate property nor break contractual agreements made with other sovereigns, estates nor private persons. The second reason is Bodin's underlying theological notion of divine authority and natural law. A sovereign may put aside civil law, but he must not question natural law (in which it appears right of property is sanctioned). Saying this, it is ultimately from this divine authority that the earthly right of sovereign power is legitimated. The prince literary does god's bidding, and yet by virtue of this can do wrong. Hopefully this helps out some :)
well in my opinion I think that the king of England had the power to tell people what to do and
1. the legislative branch of government (Congress) examines a proposed bill and can either reject or vote to make it into a law.
2: when Congress votes in favor of making a bill into law, the Executive branch of government ( the president) signs it into law. If the president does not approve of the bill, he/she can veto it, and send recommendations to Congress to amend the bill.
if Congress approves a bill 2/3 or more of both the house and Senate, it shall become a law, and the president cant veto it.
3: The judicial branch of government (the supreme Court) interprets laws and upholds the constitution. When disagreements occur between the legislative and executive branches of government, the judicial branch has the power to resolve the disagreement by interpreting the law in view of existing laws and the consitution.
4: the varying roles of the three branches of government prove a system of checks and balances so that no branch of government can abuse power or authority over the governed.
Bernado de Galvez led the Spanish military campaigns to help the U.S gain independence from the British. At 16 he showed his bravery during a campaign to invade Portugal when he was promoted to be a Lieutenant and deployed to Mexico and due to his bravery he was promoted to captain when he engaged a campaign against the Apache Indians. His bravery was met with a number of wounds at the hands of the Apache Indians after making raids to mexican held lands. In 1770 he was the commander of the spanish forces and led operations in Algeria when he was seriously wounded. Due to his bravery he was promoted to Lieutenant-colonel in 1777.
