The Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers joined together to form the Republican Party in 1854.
Federalism and the 10th amendment work together--the 10th Amendment states that if something is not covered by the Constitution and there is no specific federal power, then the power goes to the state.
Federalism is the principle that government should be divided between a central power and regional powers. In the case of the 10th Amendment, if the central power doesn't have explicit power to do something then the states have the power to do so.
Geography has a profound effect on where civilizations settle. The earliest civilizations resided within river valleys, and used the area around them to create opportunities to benefit their growth. Mountains, rivers, and plateaus provided natural defenses, at the cost of movement and trade.
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