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3 years ago

2. What are the major hormones and nervous pathways that play a role in primate (including humans) stress reactions?

Biology

1 answer:

Nata [24]3 years ago

4 0

Answer: Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline)

Explanation:

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HHA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland. The fine homeostatic interactions (Homeostasis) between these three organs constitute the HHA axis, an essential part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress and regulates various processes in the body such as digestion, the immune system, emotions, sexual behavior and energy metabolism.

Adrenaline (or also epinephrine) is synthesized and stored in the adrenal medulla and released into the systemic circulation. Noradrenaline (or norepinephrine) is synthesized and stored not only in the adrenal medulla, but also in the peripheral sympathetic nerves. Epinephrine, among other things, increases the heart rate. Norepinephrine constricts blood vessels and extends the length of sympathetic nervous system activation.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a control system that acts unconsciously and regulates heart rate, digestion, breathing rate, pupil response, urination and sexual response. It is one of the major neural pathways which has a role in the response to stress and is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). During stress, the SNS contributes to the "fight or flight" response, a physiological response to the perception of harm, attack, or threat to survival. The response begins in the amygdala body, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus, the initial response is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously and releases the neurotransmitter epinephrine. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure, blood glucose concentration, and suppresses the immune system. The initial reaction and subsequent responses are initiated in an effort to increase energy, which is achieved by the binding of epinephrine to liver cells and the subsequent release of glucose. In addition, cortisol converts fatty acids into available energy, preparing muscles throughout the body for the reaction. The hormones catecholamines, such as epinephrine or norepinephrine, facilitate immediate physical responses associated with preparation for violent muscular action.

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Plant hormones serve as chemixal mesenhers between cells and tissues. Auxins is a plant hormone that causes the cells on the sha

Nina [5.8K]

Answer:

This question is incomplete and lacks options, the whole question is:

Plant hormones serve as chemical messengers between cells and tissues. Auxin is a plant hormone that causes the cells on the shady side of a plant shoot to elongate. The response enabled by auxin is known as -

Options are:

A. geotropism

B. transpiration

C. phototropism

D. photosynthesis

The correct answer is c.

Explanation:

Phototropism is known as a natural and organic movement of a plant towards the light. This is due to the natural ability of a plant to change direction based on changes in lighting in the environment. But external stimulus is not enough. It must generate some changes inside the plant that make it react in this way: hormones. A hormone is a chemical substance produced in one tissue and transported to another, in which it exerts one or more highly specific effects.Auxins are members of a group of plant hormones that are more beneficial to stimulate plant growth, it is the responsible mechanism of the response to phototropism in plants, which tends to be concentrated in the region of the stem and leaves, when a plant lacks this, it can be noted since the bending towards the light source is little or no, that is, auxins make the cells of the stem growth region (rhizomes and stems) lengthen.

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2 years ago

What process would you consider essential for maintaining life ?

GuDViN [60]

➜ The important processes essential for maintaining life are:

Nutrition.
Respiration.
Transportation.
Breathing.
Movement.
Excretion.
Control and coordination.

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3 years ago

Which structure allow the flow of gases in and out of a leaf

iren [92.7K]

The answer to your question is:

Stomata allow gasses to flow in and out of a leaf.

Hope this answer has helped you. If it has, please mark this answer as brainliest. Thanks.

Have a HAPPY day.

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3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Complete the following paragraph selecting words from the list below. Pollination is the transfer of ……. from the ……..to the …….

sweet [91]

Answer:

pollen grain from the stigma

cross pollination -transfer of pollen grain from one flower to the other but of the same kind

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3 years ago

Which feature increases the absorption of glucose in the small intestine

Alika [10]

Answer:

The correct answer is villi.

Explanation:

The carbohydrates consumed by human beings are further dissociated into its mono forms, that is, fructose, glucose, and galactose. Of these monosaccharides, about 80% is glucose, which gets absorbed with the assistance of absorptive cells in the small intestine. In the walls of the small intestine, the food after digestion is passed into the blood vessels via the process of diffusion.

The mucosa or the inner wall of the small intestine is enveloped by finger-like tissues known as villi that further comprise microscopic finger-like outcrops called microvilli. These villi and microvilli enhances absorption of nutrients as they increase the surface area of the small intestine. Thus, the absorption of glucose within the small intestine is enhanced by the presence of villi.

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3 years ago