Answer:
B. The atmosphere is a component and the Earth itself is the boundary.
Explanation:
The three d's for group-living primates are detection, deterrence, and dilution. The primates are being preyed upon. Because of this, they developed defenses in order to protect themselves. The three d's of group-living primates are used in order to protect themselves to potential threat.
Cytokinesis is necessary at last to complete both the cell division !
The question is referring to primary succession, which begins with the colonization of living organisms in an area that hasn't had any living organisms before.
This kind of succession begins with microorganisms, and plants such as lichens and mosses.
Given that a rock outcrop is a terrestrial environment, lichens (C) are most likely to be the firsts organisms.
