Among the non-mammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that function as a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. Cloaca in vertebrates, common chamber and outlet into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts open. It is present in amphibians, reptiles, birds, elasmobranch fishes, and monotremes. Cloaca is not present in placental mammals or in most bony fish.
Coal seams are far deep underground to be considered for opencast minings. These coal seams require underground mining. Since it is too deep underground, it can be used for mapping and correlation of sedimentary rocks or as a key bed.
Mixed Acid Fermentation is a biological process by which a six carbon sugar is converted into complex mixture of acids. It is an example of anaerobic fermentation reaction which is commonly seen in bacteria.
The fermentation produces lactate, acetate, succinate, formate, ethanol,
and
and their formation depends upon the presence of certain key enzymes in the bacterium.
The Methyl Red test is used in detecting occurring of mixed acid fermentation pathway when glucose is provided to microbes by using ph indicator. If the fermentation pathway has taken place, the mixture of acids will make the solution very acidic and causes red color change. The Methyl Red test belongs to the group called as IMViC tests.
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