Answer:
The Shift from Artisan to Factory Worker and the Factory System
a) The Shift from Artisan to Factory Worker: Earlier, people produced everything they needed by their own hands. Food production was limited to subsistence level as every household owned farms on which they cultivated the food the family required. The artisan worked alone to handcraft tools and other ornamental works.
But, all this changed with the invention of the steam engine. Following the improved systems of transportation with steamboats, travelling was enhanced. Gradually, production processes were mechanized. Factories started springing up in concentrated areas near water channels. People left their rural areas to live near the factories in towns and cities. With the birth of the factory system, goods were mass-produced and could be sold in markets farther from the factory towns.
It was the age of industrialization, trade unionization, assembly line production, scientific management, and now complete automation of processes with robots replacing manual labor. It has been a long way.
b) Advantages of the Factory System:
- Hunger was reduced as more food items were produced and processed into finer products on a large scale.
- Exports of goods were encouraged and more markets outside the domestic markets were explored.
- The world became a global village with the pursuit of the common good of man, thereby levelling human beings to a common humanity and experience.
- More sophisticated goods and equipment can now be produced as a result of the factory system. Manual labor has been eased greatly.
- The factory system introduced scientific management, which has ensured production innovations and encouraged skills development.
c) Disadvantages of the Factory System:
- The artisan was rendered jobless by the factory system as some of the tools and goods which only the artisan could produced was commonalized to the extent that unskilled laborers could produce them, just by each concentrating on a part through the principle of division of labor.
- The factory system created urbanization with its attendant problems, especially sanitation problems and pollution of the environment. People's health has been jeopardized as a result.
- The factory system also created the consumerism culture.
- It widened wealth-inequality as wealth creation became concentrated in the hands of a few people.
Explanation:
The factory system encourages a method of manufacturing through the use of machines, automation, and division of labour. It gave rise to urbanization, transportation efficiency, and globalization.
Answer:
$3800
Explanation:
Present value is the sum of discounted cash flows
Present value can be calculated using a financial calculator
Cash flow fromyear 1 to 15 = 500
I = 10%
PV = 3800
To find the PV using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
Individually or collectively is referred to as balancing.
Balancing:
- Bringing two items into agreement; "the checkbook and bank statement reconciliation" reconciliation. Making anything equal or uniform is known as equalization, equalization, or leveling.
- stable, be steady. position, level, and poise. He counterbalanced his controversial statements with more conventional ones, using words like balance, cancel, offset, even out, even up, counteract, counterpoise, countervail, equalize, neutralize, negate, compensate for, and make up for.
- Machines require balance to function properly. Machine balancing aids spinning bodies in preventing vibrations, which can cause failure. Heavy machinery and generators are prone to failure, therefore balancing tasks can assist keep equipment from malfunctioning.
- Just walking across the room or down the block requires good balance. As well as carrying things, getting up from a chair, walking up and down stairs, and even turning to look behind you. And good balance helps avoid falls that could be incapacitating.
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Answer:
b. $8,140
Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
= Merchandise amount - return and allowances - discount + freight charges
= $10,000 - $2,000 - $160 + $300
= $8,140
The discount = (Merchandise amount - return and allowances) × discount rate
= ($10,000 - $2,000) × 2%
= $160
Simply we deduct the returned inventory and discount expense and added the freight charges to the merchandise amount
