The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a "republic of letters" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women. They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance and distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions.[2] Many contributed to Diderot's Encyclopédie. They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793.
At the end of the era of reformation, the king of England,
alongside with the other kings of the European nation, they had started
referring themselves as monarchs as well as they had joined forces in order to
stopped the chaos happening in Europe.
