A. This is a logical appeal because it contains facts. The reader is not prompted to feel an emotion over this data.
Determination responsibility optimism
It is a gerund. If we added the preposition 'by' like, 'by sprinting the gazelle outran...', we'd know better that prepositions, the case with 'by' for instance, went with gerunds.
Answer is D they adapt English customs
I THINK it’s the last one
