C the presence of harmful substances in food
Answer:
The answer is Norepinephrine.
Explanation:
Acetylcholine (Ach) and Norepinephrine (NE) are both chemical substances (neurotransmitters) released primarily by nerve cells and they affect different parts and systems of the body. Acetylcholine mostly targets the muscles and the brain and it is a part of the parasymphatetic nervous system whereas norepinephrine targets the whole body and has an effect that leads to the contraction of muscles and the increase of the heart rate. Norepinephrine is a part of the symphatetic nervous system.
Since the symphatetic nervous system is responsible for the crucial "fight-or-flight" response of our body, it has a more dramatic effect on the muscle contraction. Norepinephrine, being a part of the symphatetic nervous system, should result in a more drastic change in contractile force.
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Fitness is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment.
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Answer:
A frameshift changes every codon past it. A base substitution only changes one codon.
Explanation:
DNA is comprised of nucleotides (A, C, T, G) that make up amino acids. Every three bases is called a codon and represents an amino acid.
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is either added or deleted from the sequence. This offsets the entire sequence after it because the reading frame shifts. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
If another T is added in between the first and second codons, then every codon after will be changed.
ACT>T<GCTATCGTCATC
A substitution mutation is usually less severe, as it only alters one codon in the sequence. These occur when one nucleotide is replaced by another one. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
Let's say the first G is replaced by a T.
ACT>T<CTATCGTCATC
As you can see, none of the other codons changed.
Typically, a frameshift mutation is considered worse than a substitution mutation.
D is your answer
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