Biological systems do not contradict the second law of thermodynamics. Even in this case, entropy is still always increasing. Biological systems can only decrease their own entropy by using copious amounts of energy and by increasing entropy in their surrounding environment. Also, unfavorable anabolism reactions are always paired with more favorable reactions, such as the use of ATP in order to make the overall Gibb's free energy of the reaction negative.
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Mitosis occurs in somatic cells; this means that it takes place in all types of cells that are not involved in the production of gametes. Prior to each mitotic division, a copy of every chromosome is created; thus, following division, a complete set of chromosomes is found in the nucleus of each new cell. Indeed, apart from random mutations, each successive duplicate cell will have the same genetic composition as its parent, due to the inheritance of the same chromosome set and similar biological environment. This works well for replacing damaged tissue or for growth and expansion from an embryonic state. Because the genes contained in the duplicate chromosomes are transferred to each successive cellular generation, all mitotic progeny are genetically similar. However, there are exceptions. For example, there are genetic variations that arise in clonal species, such as bacteria, due to spontaneous mutations during mitotic division. Furthermore, chromosomes are sometimes replicated multiple times without any accompanying cell division. This occurs in the cells of Drosophila larvae salivary glands, for example, where there is a high metabolic demand. The chromosomes there are called polytene chromosomes, and they are extremely large compared to chromosomes in other Drosophila cells. These chromosomes replicate by undergoing the initial phases of mitosis without any cytokinesis (Figure 2). Therefore, the same cell contains thick arrangements of duplicate chromosomes side by side, which look like strands of very thick rope. Scientists believe that these chromosomes are hyper-replicated to allow for the rapid and copious production of certain proteins that help larval growth and metamorphosis
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The correct option is A. Polycythemia Vera
Explanation:
Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder of bone marrow hematopoietic cells that causes excessive production of all types of blood cells.
Primary erythrocytosis occurs as a result of polycythemia vera, in this myeloproliferative disorder the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells along with excessive amounts of white blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow under normal conditions produces blood cells and contains the precursor cells of the three series: red blood cells, white blood cells or leukocytes and platelets or thrombocytes, this disorder is characterized by excessive or uncontrolled proliferation or growth of these cells. The increased production of red blood cells or erythrocytes is called erythrocytosis.
The answer to your question is
x-rays
No I think you need to do some more research
