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Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after the onset of amnesia, while memories from before the event remain intact. Brain regions related to this condition include the medial temporal lobe, medial diencephalon, and hippocampus. Anterograde amnesia can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia, or other trauma. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories made before the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain other than the hippocampus (which is involved with the encoding process of new memories). Brain damage causing retrograde amnesia can be as varied as a cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. The there is encoding failure. Encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form able to be processed and stored in the memory. However, this process can be impacted by a number of factors, and how well information is encoded affects how well it is able to be recalled later. On the other hand, retrieval failure is the failure to recall information in the absence of memory cues. Proactive interference occurs when old memories hinder the ability to make new memories. In this type of interference, old information inhibits the ability to remember new information, such as when outdated scientific facts interfere with the ability to remember updated facts. This often occurs when memories are learned in similar contexts, or regarding similar things. It’s when we have preconceived notions about situations and events, and apply them to current situations and events.Retroactive interference occurs when old memories are changed by new ones, sometimes so much that the original memory is forgotten. This is when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information. The ability to recall previously learned information is greatly reduced if that information is not utilized, and there is substantial new information being presented. This often occurs when hearing recent news figures, then trying to remember earlier facts and figures.
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The two major systems involved in the stress response are the Nervous System [the Sympathetic subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)] and the Endocrine System (glands which secrete hormones intonthe bloodstream).
The Endocrine System's response during acute and/or chronic stress (adaptation) involves first the Hypothalamic release of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), which stimulates the Anterior Pituitary (via the blood) to release AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH), which then activates the Adrenal Cortex to release glucocorticoid hormones (i.e. Cortisol), amongst others into the bloodstream. Cortisol then has many effects on tissues and organs throughout the body to allow better generalized coping with the initial stress stimulus.
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